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Stephen Kircher was in a celebratory mood. It was the middle of December and Kircher had flown into Big Sky Resort in Montana, one of ten North American ski destinations that his company, Boyne Resorts, owns and operates. Kircher, MBA鈥�88, was there to cut the ribbon to open Big Sky鈥檚 newest attraction: the Lone Peak Tram. The state-of-the-art lift鈥攖he first tram built by a North American ski resort in fifteen years鈥攃an carry seventy-five people at a time to some of the most challenging ski terrain in Big Sky鈥檚 5,850 acres.

Even as Kircher, Boyne鈥檚 chief executive, accepted congratulations on his company鈥檚 grand new investment in skiing鈥檚 future, his phone was buzzing with news of how a similar big-ticket upgrade in Maine was off to a disastrous start. The previous night, Sunday River had received more than seven inches of rain. The deluge washed away the snow at Boyne鈥檚 largest East Coast resort just days before the start of the crucial Christmas ski week. Key roadways and bridges had been destroyed. Guests in a Boyne-owned hotel were trapped. (Rescuers used a raft for an evacuation.) Sunday River鈥檚 new lift, which cost more than $15 million and had opened just days earlier, lay buried in mud. Early guesses at the damage and lost business approached $10 million.

At Big Sky, however, Kircher did his best to keep smiling. 鈥淚t was really difficult,鈥� Kircher said. 鈥淚 had to be upbeat and positive because the opening of the new tram is one of the most important moments in Big Sky鈥檚 history, [but] we had this craziness going on in Maine at the same time鈥�. It was tough mental gymnastics.鈥滻t won鈥檛 be the last difficult day for Kircher, fifty-nine. Skiing has boomed since the Covid-19 pandemic.听During the 2022鈥�23 season, skiers made sixty-five million visits to US mountains, an all-time record. Boyne Resorts, with eleven thousand employees and $650 million in annual revenue, appears poised to profit from that. But听the industry faces significant challenges. Real estate shortages in ski towns have made it difficult to house seasonal workers. Rising lift ticket prices, which are approaching $300 for a one-day pass at top resorts, are creating affordability concerns.

Then there鈥檚 a more existential challenge: the weather. In a Zoom interview just after Christmas, Kircher was glum. Ordinarily the temperatures at Boyne鈥檚 corporate offices in northern Michigan hover in the twenties in late December, but it was in the fifties and rainy. 鈥淚t鈥檚 almost like living in Seattle,鈥� he complained. It was so warm that Kircher had played golf on Christmas Day, and there was so little snow that his team was considering closing Boyne Mountain, the company鈥檚 original resort, during the holiday week.

With ski areas stretching from Maine and New Hampshire through Michigan, Utah, Montana, Washington State, and British Columbia, Boyne benefits from superb geographical diversification. When the weather is poor in one spot, it鈥檚 usually cold and snowy at a different resort. But as the New Year approached this year, the weather seemed warm and rainy everywhere. That was partly due to the El Ni帽o weather pattern, but Kircher believes global climate change is also to blame. 鈥淭his is the most challenging winter probably since 1966,鈥� he said.

For Boyne Resorts, it comes at a critical time. Kircher is investing extraordinary sums in new lifts and snowmaking equipment, hoping the technology will put Boyne ahead of competitors. But the only way to make a return on those investments is to sell more lift tickets鈥攁nd to do that, it needs to be colder. It鈥檚 enough to make you wonder what an MBA class like the ones Kircher took at BC would make of a company facing these kinds of challenges. Would someone reasonably ask: Isn鈥檛 there an easier way to make a living?

鈥淚f you鈥檙e in it for the money, probably,鈥� he said. 鈥淲e鈥檙e snow farmers. Sometimes the crops come in and you do well, sometimes they don鈥檛.鈥� It鈥檚 possible, he said, that due to the lousy weather, Boyne鈥檚 revenue will drop from last year. But he insisted that the company鈥檚 investments in lifts and snowmaking will pay off in the long term. 鈥淲e鈥檝e seen these ups and downs for seventy-five years,鈥� he said.

If you visit an average resort, you may encounter lifts dating from the 1970s or 1980s. But Kircher believes in making big investments in the latest lift technology. In 2019, he took twenty employees to ski in Europe, where lifts are far more advanced than in the United States. European lifts often feature heated seats, automated safety bars, and hard plastic screens (called bubbles) that lower to protect skiers from wind.

It wasn鈥檛 long before Kircher imported the technology to Boyne resorts. Sunday River has introduced two new bubble chairs since 2022, the Jordan 8 and the Barker 6 (the numbers refer to how many skiers ride on each chair). The new lifts move astonishingly fast but are quieter than traditional ones, and they can operate in winds that shut down older lifts. To ease loading, they feature conveyor-like 鈥渕agic carpets鈥� that allow skiers to step on, avoiding the rushed and awkward shimmy forward to load. Kircher promised that I鈥檇 be just as warm riding the Barker 6 as I鈥檇 be sitting in the lodge drinking hot cocoa. When I visited in December, that turned out to be an exaggeration, but not much of one. It was surprising how much the wind-blocking bubble adds to comfort.

That coziness comes at a cost, however. Kircher wouldn鈥檛 say what each of the new lifts cost, but people in the industry guess they run more than $15 million apiece. A less advanced two-seat lift might cost $4 million, which explains why US ski resorts have been slow to adopt newer lifts. No one is betting on the high-tech chairs as heavily as Boyne, which is simultaneously building new gondolas and trams at other mountains. 鈥淪tephen is crazy for lifts,鈥� said Kelly Pawlak, head of the National Ski Areas Association, on whose board Kircher sits. Kircher says the costs are justified. Instead of trying to grow by acquiring more ski resorts, Kircher believes it鈥檚 better to grow organically by upgrading the experience at his existing mountains to attract more customers. The high-tech lifts may last fifty years鈥攆ar longer than cheaper ones. The lifts also better distribute people around the mountain, reducing bottlenecks and lift lines. Advanced lifts are 鈥渁 differentiator,鈥� Kircher said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 the future of skiing.鈥�

Peter Landsman, who runs the industry publication Lift Blog, confirmed that some skiers flock to resorts with the newest lifts the way other people head to amusement parks with the latest roller coasters. 鈥淏oyne has done a good job of making lifts an attraction,鈥� he said.

Of course, lifts don鈥檛 make much difference if there鈥檚 not enough snow鈥攕omething Sunday River experienced during Christmas week鈥攚hich explains Boyne鈥檚 major investments in its snowmaking capabilities.

The physics of snowmaking haven鈥檛 changed much since the first snow gun was patented in the 1950s. Snowmakers pump water and compressed air through guns, and when the temperature is cold enough and humidity is sufficiently low, grassy hills disappear under white flakes. What has changed is how efficiently this technology can be deployed, the quality of the snow it produces, and the amount of energy it consumes.

Brendan Ryan, a thirty-seven-year-old engineer who oversees snowmaking at all ten Boyne mountains, skied crisply through the mush at mid-mountain, stopping smoothly at two portable snow guns mounted on tripods. Guns like these require substantial labor. Workers need to move them into position, run water lines, and turn them on and off manually. That takes so much time that resorts only turn such guns on when the weather is expected to stay cold for at least twelve hours.

From there, Ryan schussed over to one of Sunday River鈥檚 latest 鈥渇an guns.鈥� The $50,000 device sat atop a fifteen-foot tower. Fan guns can make snow at thirty degrees, produce three times as much snow as older technology, and cover nearly three-quarters of an acre. These particular fan guns aren鈥檛 portable鈥攖hey are set permanently into the sides of slopes鈥攂ut they are highly automated, as they can be turned on remotely from a smartphone app or programmed to begin spraying snow if the temperature hits a threshold. (Each tower has its own mini weather station.) That saves labor and makes them easier to use. The newer guns 鈥渕ake a higher quality, more uniform [snow],鈥� Ryan said. 鈥淭hey make it faster鈥�and by using less compressed air, they use less energy, so it costs us less.鈥� Sunday River has added thirty-eight full-auto fan guns since 2020.

Ryan estimated that just a few years ago, it took nearly 1,600 hours of snowmaking to get Sunday River鈥檚 terrain open. This winter, despite all the rain, it will take fewer than 1,225 hours. The goal, he said, is 750 hours. Faster, more efficient snowmaking is just another investment Boyne is making to stay ahead of the competition by allowing people to keep skiing even as climate change means less natural snow.

In fact, Boyne executives are less concerned about climate change crippling their industry than you might expect. They acknowledge temperatures are rising, but they don鈥檛 see it as a near-term existential threat to skiing, particularly in northern, high-altitude resorts such as Boyne鈥檚. 鈥淚鈥檓 much less worried about ski resorts than I am about populations along the coastlines, and droughts and hurricanes,鈥� Kircher said.

And as miserable as the conditions were at Sunday River during Christmas week, two nights later, the temperature dropped. Ryan鈥檚 team turned the snowmaking equipment to full volume. Within days, the resort鈥檚 Instagram was filled with images of snow-filled slopes. A week after that, New England was walloped by a Nor鈥檈aster.

Finally, the snow farmers were seeing this year鈥檚 crop come in.